Protein Synthesis & Mutations

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About this simulation

Follow DNA to RNA to an amino-acid chain. Compare silent, missense, nonsense and frameshift mutations.

What students can explore

Compare a silent substitution with a one-base insertion. Does every DNA change alter the amino-acid sequence?
Invented sequences use the standard genetic code. Read the coding strand 5′→3′; RNA matches it with U instead of T. Translation stops at the first stop codon. Letters are amino-acid codes. Incomplete final triplets are omitted. Without a stop here, translation continues beyond this excerpt.

Learning objectives

1Compare a silent substitution with a one-base insertion. Does every DNA change alter the amino-acid sequence?

Questions teachers ask

Compare a silent substitution with a one-base insertion. Does every DNA change alter the amino-acid sequence?

GAA→GAG still encodes E. Inserting one base shifts downstream triplets. A stop codon ends the chain; it is not an amino acid.

About the model

Invented sequences use the standard genetic code. Read the coding strand 5′→3′; RNA matches it with U instead of T. Translation stops at the first stop codon. Letters are amino-acid codes. Incomplete final triplets are omitted. Without a stop here, translation continues beyond this excerpt.

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